1. GETDATE():
- Explanation: Returns the current system date and time.
- Example: SELECT GETDATE();
- Output: 2023-05-31 10:15:30.123
2. DATEPART():
- Explanation: Extracts a specific part (e.g., year, month, day) from a date.
- Example: SELECT DATEPART(YEAR, GETDATE());
- Output: 2023
3. DATEADD():
- Explanation: Adds or subtracts a specific time interval from a date.
- Example: SELECT DATEADD(DAY, 7, GETDATE());
- Output: 2023-06-07 10:15:30.123
4. DATEDIFF():
- Explanation: Calculates the difference between two dates in a specified time interval.
- Example: SELECT DATEDIFF(DAY, '2023-01-01', '2023-01-15');
- Output: 14
5. GETUTCDATE():
- Explanation: Returns the current UTC date and time.
- Example: SELECT GETUTCDATE();
- Output: 2023-05-31 14:15:30.123
6. MONTH():
- Explanation: Extracts the month from a date.
- Example: SELECT MONTH(GETDATE());
- Output: 5
7. YEAR():
- Explanation: Extracts the year from a date.
- Example: SELECT YEAR(GETDATE());
- Output: 2023
8. DAY():
- Explanation: Extracts the day of the month from a date.
- Example: SELECT DAY(GETDATE());
- Output: 31
9. DATENAME():
- Explanation: Returns a string representing a specific part of a date.
- Example: SELECT DATENAME(MONTH, GETDATE());
- Output: May
10. LOWER():
- Explanation: Converts a string to lowercase.
- Example: SELECT LOWER('Hello World');
- Output: hello world
11. UPPER():
- Explanation: Converts a string to uppercase.
- Example: SELECT UPPER('Hello World');
- Output: HELLO WORLD
12. LEN():
- Explanation: Returns the length of a string.
- Example: SELECT LEN('Hello World');
- Output: 11
13. REPLACE():
- Explanation: Replaces all occurrences of a specified string with another string.
- Example: SELECT REPLACE('Hello World', 'World', 'Universe');
- Output: Hello Universe
14. SUBSTRING():
- Explanation: Returns a substring from a specified string, starting at a specified position for a specified length.
- Example: SELECT SUBSTRING('Hello World', 7, 5);
- Output: World
15. LEFT():
- Explanation: Returns the left part of a string with a specified length.
- Example: SELECT LEFT('Hello World', 5);
- Output: Hello
16. RIGHT():
- Explanation: Returns the right part of a string with a specified length.
- Example: SELECT RIGHT('Hello World', 5);
- Output: World
17. CONCAT():
- Explanation: Concatenates two or more strings.
- Example: SELECT CONCAT('Hello', ' ', 'World');
- Output: Hello World
18. LTRIM():
- Explanation: Removes leading spaces from a string.
- Example: SELECT LTRIM(' Hello World');
- Output: Hello World
19. RTRIM():
- Explanation: Removes trailing spaces from a string.
- Example: SELECT RTRIM('Hello World ');
- Output: Hello World
20. FORMAT():
- Explanation: Formats a value with the specified format and optional culture.
- Example: SELECT FORMAT(GETDATE(), 'dd/MM/yyyy');
- Output: 31/05/2023
21. ISNULL():
- Explanation: Returns the specified value if the expression is NULL, otherwise, returns the expression.
- Example: SELECT ISNULL(NULL, 'N/A');
- Output: N/A
22. NULLIF():
- Explanation: Returns NULL if the two specified expressions are equal, otherwise, returns the first expression.
- Example: SELECT NULLIF(10, 10);
- Output: NULL
23. COALESCE():
- Explanation: Returns the first non-null expression in the list.
- Example: SELECT COALESCE(NULL, 'Value 1', 'Value 2');
- Output: Value 1
24. RAND():
- Explanation: Returns a random float value between 0 and 1.
- Example: SELECT RAND();
- Output: 0.759612873284
25. NEWID():
- Explanation: Returns a uniqueidentifier (GUID) value.
- Example: SELECT NEWID();
- Output: 47E90FD0-7A23-4C1B-A9C8-9447F9532A29
26. ABS():
- Explanation: Returns the absolute value of a numeric expression.
- Example: SELECT ABS(-10);
- Output: 10
27. CEILING():
- Explanation: Returns the smallest integer greater than or equal to a numeric expression.
- Example: SELECT CEILING(3.2);
- Output: 4
28. FLOOR():
- Explanation: Returns the largest integer less than or equal to a numeric expression.
- Example: SELECT FLOOR(3.9);
- Output: 3
29. ROUND():
- Explanation: Returns a numeric expression rounded to the specified length or precision.
- Example: SELECT ROUND(3.14159, 2);
- Output: 3.14
30. SQRT():
- Explanation: Returns the square root of a numeric expression.
- Example: SELECT SQRT(16);
- Output: 4
31. POWER():
- Explanation: Returns the result of raising a numeric expression to a specified power.
- Example: SELECT POWER(2, 3);
- Output: 8
32. SIN():
- Explanation: Returns the sine of the specified angle.
- Example: SELECT SIN(45);
- Output: 0.707106781186547
33. COS():
- Explanation: Returns the cosine of the specified angle.
- Example: SELECT COS(60);
- Output: 0.5
34. TAN():
- Explanation: Returns the tangent of the specified angle.
- Example: SELECT TAN(30);
- Output: -6.40533119664628
35. LOG():
- Explanation: Returns the natural logarithm of a specified number.
- Example: SELECT LOG(10);
- Output: 2.30258509299405
36. EXP():
- Explanation: Returns the value of Euler's number raised to the power of a specified exponent.
- Example: SELECT EXP(2);
- Output: 7.38905609893065
37. CHARINDEX():
- Explanation: Returns the starting position of a substring within a string.
- Example: SELECT CHARINDEX('World', 'Hello World');
- Output: 7
38. ASCII():
- Explanation: Returns the ASCII value of the first character in a string expression.
- Example: SELECT ASCII('A');
- Output: 65
39. PATINDEX():
- Explanation: Returns the starting position of a pattern within a string.
- Example: SELECT PATINDEX('%World%', 'Hello World');
- Output: 7
40. SOUNDEX():
- Explanation: Returns a four-character code to evaluate the similarity of two strings.
- Example: SELECT SOUNDEX('Hello');
- Output: H400
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